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X-ray bone densitometers that use a dual energy spectrum from an x-ray source, typically by applying alternating pulses of low and high kilovoltage to an x-ray tube or by applying a fixed voltage and separating the energy spectrum into two narrow energy bands using a filter. Dual-energy densitometers are used to assess bone mineral content in the axial skeleton, usually by measuring the lumbar spine and the hip region, including the proximal femur.
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