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Physiologic respiratory monitors designed for continuous measurement and display of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in an exhaled breath. These monitors are hard-wired to the patient at the bedside and/or in the operating room. Most carbon dioxide respiratory monitors display the results as a maximum value of PCO2 (i.e., carbon dioxide concentration measured at the end of exhalation, known as end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration). These monitors consist of a main unit that usually measures with infrared spectroscopy, and attached sensors typically consisting of an infrared light source, an optical filter, reference and sample chambers, and a detector. The monitors measure PCO2 either by using a sensor in the patient\'s breathing circuit (mainstream) or, more frequently, by sampling from the patient\'s airway (sidestream); some monitors use microstream (filter-line) technology. Carbon dioxide respiratory monitors are used to detect ventilator failure, check the placement of endotracheal tubes, and assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; they are also intended for intraoperative use in patients under general anesthesia.
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