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  • Measuring instruments designed to measure angles, clinical goniometers are intended to measure the angle of displacement of a joint (usually from 0 to 180 degrees or more) using mechanical gauges (e.g., protractors). These goniometers frequently consist of a central protractor that permits the measurement of angles with two moving arms of appropriate length that are pivoted at the center of the protractor; other types of mechanical goniometers are available, including an instrument based on a protractor dial (gauge) that refers to an internal liquid level and a gravity-type goniometer (frequently known as an inclinometer) consisting of twin rotating dials with a locking mechanism and a strap for fixing to the body. Mechanical goniometers are used mainly in clinical applications to measure the range of movement of joints (i.e., finger, shoulder, knee, ankle, spine). Dedicated instruments intended for accurate measurement of one particular joint (e.g., finger, spine) are available. Mechanical goniometers are used by rheumatologists and physiotherapists to assess joint function and to diagnose and treat locomotor system diseases; they are frequently included as a component of gait and joint laxity analyzers.
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