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  • Implantable prostheses designed for total replacement of the small middle ear bones (i.e., the ossicles: malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound. These prostheses are typically made of bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, silastic, stainless steel, titanium, or high-density polyethylene sponge (HDPS); some materials require placement of cartilage between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane to prevent extrusion. Total ossicular implants are used mainly to reestablish the middle ear sound-conducting mechanism; they are also used to repair congenital abnormalities in the middle ear ossicles, improving patient\'s hearing capabilities.
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