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Radiographic/fluoroscopic systems that usually include 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 in) image intensifiers, video and cine cameras using frame rates as high as 60 to 90 frames per second, display monitors, image recording devices (usually high-resolution video recorders), and a patient table. Most cardiovascular systems also include digital recording devices, stepping tabletops, cine cameras, and digital acquisition and processing capability (e.g., digital subtraction). These systems may include only one gantry arm (single-plane systems), or two orthogonal gantries (biplane systems), one of which is usually ceiling mounted. Biplane systems provide simultaneous recording and viewing of images from two different projections. Cardiovascular systems are used to evaluate the anatomy and pathology of the heart (e.g., cardiac valves) and surrounding blood vessels (e.g., to detect coronary artery, aorta, and/or pulmonary vein diseases) and to perform therapeutic techniques using catheterization. The procedures are typically conducted in a special imaging suite (cardiac catheterization room) containing the x-ray imaging system, a power injector for introducing contrast medium into the patient at high flow rates, physiologic monitoring equipment, and additional equipment to manage cardiovascular emergencies.
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