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Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed for the automated detection and measurement of refractive errors by projecting light into the examinee\'s eye through the pupil and assessing its reflection. These instruments are typically handheld devices with a light source, a lens, and a mirror that throw either a streak or a spot of light through the pupil of the patient. The examiner moves the instrument and observes the movement of the shadow of the reflected light in the eye in the same or the opposite direction of the device; a set of trial lenses is used to neutralize the reflex. The optical power of the lenses and other data (e.g., the distance between the instrument and the examinee) are used to calculate the refractive errors. Retinoscopes are used mainly for lens fitting and for refractive surgery assessments.
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