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  • Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the shoulder articulation of a completely missing limb (i.e., amputated above the shoulder articulation). These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices that include a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end; they can be anchored directly to the scapula at the articulation point. Shoulder prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs) or electrically powered (e.g., using motors and external switches). Shoulder prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are typically used in combination with other upper limb distal components (e.g., elbow, wrist, hand) in total upper limb prostheses. Upper limb shoulder component prostheses are used mainly in patients who suffered amputations due to traumatic accidents or illness or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities.
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