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Transtracheal catheters designed for efficient direct delivery of oxygen into the lungs, improving comfort, therapeutic compliance (e.g., relief of apnea), and activity status when compared with nasal cannulas. These catheters consist of either a percutaneously introduced tube that has a long intratracheal portion with multiple fenestrations or a tunneled silicone tube that is surgically inserted under local or general anesthesia and usually includes a shorter intratracheal portion. The oxygen supply is obtained from a stationary compressed-gas cylinder, a cryogenic liquid reservoir, or an ambient air concentrator; portable systems are available for ambulatory patients. Oxygen-supply transtracheal catheters are used for long-term oxygen therapy in patients with chronic oxygen-dependent respiratory failure (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, interstitial fibrosis, diffusion defect).
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