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Laparoscopes designed to perform surgery, including laser and electrosurgery procedures, through their working channels; their diameter typically ranges from 8 to 12 mm. These instruments incorporate prisms or mirrors that transmit reflected light to and from the tissue through one or two bends to the eyepiece, which is offset from the laparoscope shaft so that a surgical instrument can be inserted through a separate instrument channel in the shaft and manipulated freely. Surgical laparoscopes are used with other specialized surgical instruments to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures such as cholecystectomy (removal of the gallbladder), appendectomy, and hysterectomy.
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