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  • Prostheses designed for total (i.e., the fibrous ring or annulus and the pulpy center or nucleus) replacement of the intervertebral disk. These prostheses are available in several different configurations and materials; providing a flexible, either mechanical (e.g., a combination of a polyethylene spacer and two separate metal endplates, a stainless steel ball and socket secure with screws to the vertebrae) or hydraulic (based on a fluid absorbent gel core that expands with liquid to fill the disc space) mechanism. Total intervertebral disk prostheses are implanted mainly in patients with advanced degenerative disk disease (DDD) following an open surgical procedure known as arthroplasty, frequently as an alternative to spinal fusion surgery.
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