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  • The binding of b-arrestins to agonist-occupied GPCRs triggers the assembly of a MAP kinase activation complex using b-arrestin as a scaffold, with subsequent activation of a b-arrestin-bound pool of ERK1/2. The receptor-b-arrestin-ERK complexes are localized to endosomal vesicles, and their formation does not result in nuclear translocation of activated ERK1/2 or stimulation of cell proliferation. The function of b-arrestin-bound ERK1/2 is presently unknown. Activation of ERK1/2 by b-arrestin scaffolds may favor the phosphorylation of plasma membrane, cytosolic, or cytoskeletal ERK1/2 substrates, or it may lead to transcriptional activation through the ERK-dependent activation of other kinases. The model depicts b-arrestin scaffolding of the ERK1/2 MAP kinase cascade, based upon data obtained with the protease-activated PAR2 and angiotensin AT1a receptors. A similar mechanism has been proposed for regulation of the JNK3 MAP kinase cascade by AT1a receptors. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
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