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Four different members of the Sprouty protein family block the cellular proliferation and differentiation induced by several different growth factors, including EGF and FGF. One mechanism by which Sprouty proteins inhibit signaling is through binding to Grb-2, a signaling intermediary between the tyrosine kinase growth factors and the Ras/map kinase pathway. Binding of Sprouty to Grb-2 prevents Grb-2 and Sos-1 from interacting with downstream signaling factors that activate Ras and map kinases, including Ras, Raf-1, Mek1, Erk1/2, and downstream transcription factors. The action of Sprouty as an inhibitor of this pathway requires Sprouty phosphorylation and membrane localization at the site of the factors it interacts with. The inhibition of growth factor signaling by Sprouty is specific to the Ras pathway since the PI3 Kinase pathway responsible for cell survival signals from growth factor receptors is not inhibited by Sprouty. Tyrosine kinase activity of growth factor receptors is also not affected. The mechanism by which Sprouty inhibits Ras activation may be by blocking the nucleotide exchange activity of Sos. Sprouty expression is induced by growth factor receptor activation of Ras signaling, provided a self-regulatory feedback inhibition mechanism that regulates growth factor signaling through Ras. In addition to blocking the Ras pathway, Sprouty also induces protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity. Activation of PTP1B by Sprouty is responsible for the inhibition of cellular migration that Sprouty causes, but is not involved in regulation of cellular proliferation. While blocking receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, at least one member of the Sprouty family, Sprouty-2, also acts by one mechanism to stimulate EGF receptor signaling. Cbl targets the EGF receptor for tagging with ubiquitin and proteolytic destruction. Sprouty-2 binds to Cbl and blocks the ubiquitination and destruction of the EGF receptor, increasing EGF signaling. (This definition may be outdated - see the DesignNote.)
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