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  • Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) replacement of the wrist above the wrist articulation. These prostheses typically consist of external devices with a metal ring-shaped mechanism that can provide rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end to a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook); they may include totally or partially implantable components (e.g., sensors, electrodes). The prostheses can be attached at the proximal end with a socket to the residual limb or to another prosthetic device (i.e., forearm replacement). Wrist prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs), electrically powered (e.g., using switches), or triggered by the electrical signals produced by muscle contractions (i.e., myoelectric). Wrist prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they must be used as a component of a below-the-elbow, above-the-elbow, or total upper limb prosthesis. Upper limb wrist prostheses are used mainly in patients who have congenital abnormalities or who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes) or traumatic accidents.
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