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  • Upper limb prostheses designed for partial functional (e.g., rotation, flexion) and/or cosmetic replacement of the distal portion of a limb amputated at the shoulder articulation, in which the shoulder blade (i.e., the glenoid cavity) of the articulation is preserved. These prostheses typically consist of external or partially implantable devices with an elbow, a wrist, and a terminal device (e.g., hand, hook) and with a mechanism that provides rotational and flexion movements and locking positions at the distal end. They are usually attached at the proximal end with a thoracic socket (e.g., basket, frame-style) that encloses and rests on the shoulder girdle and thoracic area to optimize stability and provide a sturdy mounting surface for control switches of externally powered prostheses. The prostheses may be mechanically operated (e.g., using cables and springs) or electrically powered (e.g., using external switches, electronic controls, and electrical motors). Shoulder disarticulation prostheses are available in a great variety of configurations and sizes; they are used in patients who suffered amputations due to illness (e.g., diabetes), or traumatic accidents or, less frequently, in patients who have congenital abnormalities.
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