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  • Electrothermal cautery units designed to perform annuloplasty by applying heat (usually up to 90 degrees C [194 degrees F]) through a catheter that is percutaneously inserted into an intervertebral disc wall. Electrothermal cautery units do not deliver electric current to the tissue; the high-resistance tip becomes heated when an electric current is passed through it. These units typically consist of a power source (e.g., radiofrequency generator), a catheter that includes a wire with a heating element at the tip, and appropriate connectors and/or adapters to attach the catheter to the unit. Intervertebral disc transcatheter units usually monitor temperature and impedance and automatically control energy delivery. The units are intended for thermal contraction and thickening of collagen and for coagulation of nerve endings in the disc wall (a procedure known as intradiscal electrothermal therapy or intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty). They are used mainly in outpatient procedures to treat chronic, long-term discogenic pain.
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