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Ophthalmic refractors designed to measure the refractive error by changing a set of different lenses mounted in the devices and other settings (also known as manual phoropters or phorometers); these instruments require the examinee\'s responses. These instruments usually consist of a refraction unit including a set of calibrated (i.e., containing a number of plus and minus sphere and clylinder graduations) lenses, a cross-cylinder, a pulillary distance setting, prisms, lens controls, and an external eye chart. Manual ophthalmic refractors measure sphere power and cylinder power and axis, accommodation, convergence, and binocular balancing of the eyes; they are used mainly to establish eyeglass prescription.
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