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Simulators designed for training in endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the vascular system. These simulators typically include an anatomic model resembling the characteristics of a body part that are usually made of plastics, metal, or a combination of these, permitting the intervention through one or more vascular access points (e.g., femoral arteries). Angiovascular endoscopic training simulators make possible the use of catheters, small surgical instruments, prostheses, and embolization devices. The process may be followed in real time using fluoroscopic angiography or other imaging systems and appropriate video displays. The simulator also includes a main control unit frequently located on an adjustable-height table or cart with dedicated software that permits both training and recording of the simulated procedures in real time. Endoscopic training simulators may include (either as integral or attached) modules and/or accessories intended for training in particular procedures, including cardiac, aortic, and neurovascular procedures, and also carotid, iliac, renal, and other peripheral vascular interventions.
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