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  • Ophthalmic microscopes designed for examination of the corneal endothelial cells that are based on the observation of the specular (i.e., mirror like) reflected image created when the light delivered to the cornea is an appropriate angle. There are two types of specular microscopes, both using an ophthalmic photographic or video camera and a recording system: (1) contact (also known as applanation) microscopes that bring the front of the camera in contact with the cornea, these instruments require that the patient\'s head is immobilized and the application of anesthetics to the cornea, and (2) non-contact microscopes that do not touch the eye and use a configuration similar to a slit-lamp. Non-contact microscopes do not provide a high magnification but are easier to use in children and in patients that are not able to stand still. Specular microscopes provide a cell count of corneal cell density (normal range is 2000 to 3200 per square millimeter but varies with age); they are used for corneal endothelium evaluation (e.g., prior to cataract or refractive surgery) and also to evaluate donor corneas before transplantation.
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