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Muscle strength exercisers designed to provide resistance to muscular contraction using a pneumatic mechanism when the user performs shoulder press exercises of the trunk and upper limb muscles. These exercisers usually consist of a stand-alone machine with a pneumatic mechanism, a system to transmit the force (i.e., to convey the resistance), and lever bars on which the user exerts force to counteract the exerciser resistance. Users press the lever bar or cable handles forward to extend the arms until they are horizontal. Shoulder press exercisers are intended to improve strength in the chest (pectoralis major), shoulder, and arm muscles; increase muscle size; enhance muscle endurance and power; and improve bone density.
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