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Autologous human T lymphocytes that are genetically engineered to express a chimeric switch receptor (CSR) composed of the extracellular ligand binding domain of the human inhibitory receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1) fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic co-stimulatory signaling domains of CD28 (PD1CD28; PD-1:CD28 switch receptor), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon reintroduction of autologous PD-1-targeted CSR-modified T-lymphocytes into the patient, the switch receptor expressed by the engineered T cells targets and binds to the PD-1 ligands, programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2) expressed, on tumor cells. The nature of the PD-1/CD28 switch receptor fusion protein prevents the normal PD1/PD-L1-mediated T-cell suppression and, instead, promotes signaling through the CD28 domain, which results in the stimulation of T lymphocytes. This induces enhanced toxicity against PD-L1-expressing tumor cells. PD-1 protein, found on activated T cells, negatively regulates T-cell activity; it plays a key role in immune evasion and prevents tumor cell lysis. Exchanging the transmembrane and intracellular domain of PD-1 with that of CD28 converts PD-L1 into a co-stimulation ligand of primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). CD28, is a molecule expressed by T cells that stimulates increased T-lymphocyte proliferation and activity. Check for \'https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/clinical-trials/intervention/C132251\' active clinical trials using this agent. (\'http://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&code=C132251\' NCI Thesaurus)
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