?:abstract
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In SARS-CoV-2 infection, the viral load peaks early setting off a cascade of immune dysregulation that persists well after viral clearance Severe COVID-19 is marked by aberrant innate and adaptive immune responses with an abnormal cytokine profile and a prolonged illness course with multisystem organ dysfunction Antiviral treatments have yet to show benefit later in critical illness Taken together, this raises the concern that a purely antiviral treatment approach may be insufficient A number of immunomodulatory strategies are being tested, including corticosteroids, cytokine and anti-cytokine therapies, small molecule inhibitors, and cellular therapeutics The only drug to date to show a mortality benefit for COVID-19 in a randomized control trial is dexamethasone, but there remains uncertainty about which patients may benefit most and longer-term complications including secondary infections Here we review the immune dysregulation of severe COVID-19, the existing data behind various immunomodulatory strategies, and consider future directions of study
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