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?:abstract
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Vaccination is an effective method to prevent Newcastle disease (ND) in chickens. Marcol 52 and #10 white oil are mineral-based adjuvants and can be found in commercial inactivated ND virus vaccines. The present study demonstrated that a vegetable origin oil E515-D had lower polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and higher flash point than the commercial products Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. E515-D could be mixed with an aqueous phase containing ND virus antigen to form a stable water-in-oil vaccine emulsion and exhibited more potent adjuvant effects on the immune response than Marcol 52 and #10 white oil. Moreover, the absorption of E515-D–adjuvanted vaccine was faster than absorption of Marcol 52- and #10 white oil-adjuvanted vaccines when ND virus vaccines were injected in broilers. Therefore, E515-D was safe and could be a suitable adjuvant used in vaccines for food animals. In addition，E515-D is not easy to be flammable during shipping and storage owing to its higher flash point.
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?:doi
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?:doi
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10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.063
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document_parses/pdf_json/b9eaf059719f551f90ed1ed48f77216d612f7388.json
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document_parses/pmc_json/PMC7598328.xml.json
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?:title
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Sunflower seed oil containing ginseng stem–leaf saponins (E515-D) is a safe adjuvant for Newcastle disease vaccine
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