wst56h4

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?:abstract	BACKGROUND: The recent rise in the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in a densely populated city of eastern India (“mixing vessel” of people of varied socio-economic and immune status) prompted this study. Applying saliva on fingers for enumerating bank notes is a common practice in the Indian subcontinent. Paper notes may be a potential source of “horizontal” transmission of this virus, especially if there are cuts/bruises on the oral mucous membrane or skin. AIM: To investigate whether paper currencies could be a plausible mode of horizontal transmission of HBV infection. METHODS: Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) followed by nucleotide sequencing was done for the detection of HBV. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(HBsAg ELISA) was performed on all HBV deoxyribonucleic acid-positive samples to check the detectability of the virus. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was carried out for visual confirmation of HBV particles in ultracentrifuged/immunoprecipitated samples from currency paper washings. RESULTS: HBV-specific PCRs on pellets obtained after ultracentrifugation/ immunoprecipitation of the currency paper washings detected potentially intact/viable HBV (genotype D2) in 7.14% of samples (n = 70). AFM gave the visual confirmation of HBV particles in ultracentrifuged/immunoprecipitated samples from currency paper washings. However, HBV isolates from the currency notes could not be detected by HBsAg ELISA. CONCLUSION: It is a common practice in the Indian subcontinent to count paper currencies by applying saliva on fingertips. Paper notes may be a potential source of “horizontal” transmission of this virus, especially if there are cuts/bruises on the oral mucous membrane or skin, but it was practically not possible to demonstrate experimentally such transmission. Detection of potentially intact/viable and “occult” HBV from currency poses potential risk of silent transmission of this virus among the general population.
is ?:annotates of	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/0wst56h4_hasAnnotation_C0000925> <https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/0wst56h4_hasAnnotation_C0004793> <https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/0wst56h4_hasAnnotation_C0009938> <https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/0wst56h4_hasAnnotation_C0019169> <https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/0wst56h4_hasAnnotation_C0042776> <https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/0wst56h4_hasAnnotation_C0242649>
?:creator	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/Das%2C_Palashpriya%3B_Supekar%2C_Ruchi%3B_Chatterjee%2C_Ritika%3B_Roy%2C_Subrata%3B_Ghosh%2C_Anisa%3B_Biswas%2C_Subhajit>
?:doi	10.4254/wjh.v12.i10.775
?:doi	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/10.4254/wjh.v12.i10.775>
?:journal	World_J_Hepatol
?:license	cc-by-nc
?:pdf_json_files	document_parses/pdf_json/aa0441b013625704945141668bd555c4aad9e708.json
?:pmc_json_files	document_parses/pmc_json/PMC7643218.xml.json
?:pmcid	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/PMC7643218>
?:pmid	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/33200016.0>
?:pmid	33200016.0
?:publication_isRelatedTo_Disease	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/COVID-19>
?:sha_id	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/entity/aa0441b013625704945141668bd555c4aad9e708>
?:source	Medline; PMC
?:title	Hepatitis B virus detected in paper currencies in a densely populated city of India: A plausible source of horizontal transmission?
?:type	<https://research.tib.eu/covid-19/vocab/Publication>
?:year	2020-10-27

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?:abstract

BACKGROUND: The recent rise in the incidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections in a densely populated city of eastern India (“mixing vessel” of people of varied socio-economic and immune status) prompted this study. Applying saliva on fingers for enumerating bank notes is a common practice in the Indian subcontinent. Paper notes may be a potential source of “horizontal” transmission of this virus, especially if there are cuts/bruises on the oral mucous membrane or skin. AIM: To investigate whether paper currencies could be a plausible mode of horizontal transmission of HBV infection. METHODS: Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) followed by nucleotide sequencing was done for the detection of HBV. Hepatitis B virus surface antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(HBsAg ELISA) was performed on all HBV deoxyribonucleic acid-positive samples to check the detectability of the virus. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was carried out for visual confirmation of HBV particles in ultracentrifuged/immunoprecipitated samples from currency paper washings. RESULTS: HBV-specific PCRs on pellets obtained after ultracentrifugation/ immunoprecipitation of the currency paper washings detected potentially intact/viable HBV (genotype D2) in 7.14% of samples (n = 70). AFM gave the visual confirmation of HBV particles in ultracentrifuged/immunoprecipitated samples from currency paper washings. However, HBV isolates from the currency notes could not be detected by HBsAg ELISA. CONCLUSION: It is a common practice in the Indian subcontinent to count paper currencies by applying saliva on fingertips. Paper notes may be a potential source of “horizontal” transmission of this virus, especially if there are cuts/bruises on the oral mucous membrane or skin, but it was practically not possible to demonstrate experimentally such transmission. Detection of potentially intact/viable and “occult” HBV from currency poses potential risk of silent transmission of this virus among the general population.

is ?:annotates of