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refers to the nerves that attach to the brain. They include the olfactory nerve (I), optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). While the cranial nerves are substructures of the peripheral nervous system, they are also superficial features (appendages) of the brain structures to which they attach ( Carpenter-1983 ).
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