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refers to one of six divisions of the cerebral cortex defined by dissection in the human ( Carpenter-1983 ) and the macaque ( Martin-2000 ). The most rostral of the lobes, it is separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus, from the temporal lobe by the lateral fissure, from the limbic lobe by the cingulate sulcus, and from the insula by the superior limiting sulcus.
In the human the frontal lobe is composed of two groups of gyri and seven individual gyri. The groups are the transverse frontopolar gyri and the orbital gyri. Individual gyri on the dorsolateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere include the superior frontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus and the precentral gyrus; those on the mesial side of the hemisphere include part of the superior frontal gyrus, the superior rostral gyrus, the inferior rostral gyrus, and the straight gyrus.
The frontal lobe of the macaque is the same except that it lacks transverse frontopolar gyri, a superior rostral gyrus, and an inferior rostral gyrus.
Equivalent structures are not found in the smooth cerebral cortex of the rat or mouse ( NeuroNames ).
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refers to the portion of cerebral cortex in the rat ( Swanson-2004; Paxinos-2009b ) and the mouse ( Franklin-2008 ) that corresponds to the frontal cortex of the primate. It consists of the frontal association area, the motor cortex, the orbital areas (rodent), the prelimbic area, and the infralimbic area. Some authors define part of the infralimbic area as a separate dorsal peduncular area ( Paxinos-2009b ).
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refers to the set of cortical areas defined on the basis of internal structure that comprise the frontal lobe in the human and the macaque ( Petrides-2012 ). Its boundaries are not precisely contiguous with those of the frontal lobe, which is defined on the basis of external sulcal landmarks.
The frontal cortex has two major components: motor cortex ( with subdivisions primary motor cortex and premotor cortex ) and prefrontal cortex ( with subdivisions lateral prefrontal cortex and orbital prefrontal cortex ).
Some authors include the anterior cingulate cortex, under the name medial prefrontal cortex of Ongur, as part of frontal cortex ( Ongur-2003; Carmichael-1994 ). Here that area is classified as limbic cortex, because topologically it is located in the limbic lobe and architectonically, unlike prefrontal cortex, which is granular cortex, it is agranular cortex ( Wallis-2012 ).
The rat and mouse have equivalents to the agranular motor cortex component of frontal cortex in primates, but they do not have equivalents to the granular prefrontal cortex of primates ( Wallis-2012 ).
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