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Catheters designed for insertion into the vascular system that are long enough to advance and locate their distal tip in the heart and/or the pulmonary or coronary arteries. These catheters usually include distal tips that may be tapered and curved proximal ends bonded to hubs or connecting devices. The distal tips can be modified by attaching balloons or sensing devices or by placing holes for injection of contrast medium. Vascular catheters may be stiff or flexible and ideally would be nonthrombogenic, strong, flexible, and biocompatible, and they must retain their preshaped tip configuration (i.e., have memory) while permitting torque control. Most cardiac catheters are made of polymers (e.g., silicone elastomer, polyurethane) and may also include metals (e.g., stainless steel). Cardiac catheters are used in therapeutic (e.g., ablation, valvuloplasty) and diagnostic (e.g., angiography, cardiac output measurement) procedures.
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