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  • Angiographic cardiac catheters that include specific tip configurations to enter the cardiac chambers (e.g., left or right ventricle). Their distal tip may have an end hole and/or several side holes. Typical injection rates are medium or high (e.g., 5 to 65 mL/sec). Most of these catheters are introduced into either the femoral or the brachial artery; the distal tip is placed in the left or right ventricle as necessary. Left ventriculography is needed more frequently and is used to establish the degree of functional impairment of the left ventricle, the presence of ventricular aneurysms or ventricular septal defects, and to assess the mitral valve. Right ventriculography is mostly used for assessing congenital heart disease.
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