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Endoscopes designed for insertion into the biliary tract for visual examination, biopsy, removal or crushing of stones, and treatment of lesions of the interior of the pancreaticobiliary tree, especially of the common bile duct. Choledochoscopes usually include a lighting system and a working channel for catheters and operative devices. These endoscopes are typically flexible, and they may be inserted percutaneously, during laparoscopic procedures, or through the duodenum (transduodenal). Therapeutic choledochoscopes (with operating channels) may be used to perform biopsies, electrosurgery, and other procedures, such as fragmenting and removing stones.
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