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Surgical driver/extractors designed to insert and extract nails and/or pins into or from bones by applying linear force or torque during orthopedic procedures. Instruments applying linear force are typically manual, handheld instruments with a working end that accommodates nails and pins (e.g., a hollow adjustable cylinder), a handle for manipulation, and possibly a sliding sleeve between the tip and the handle for hitting (hammering) the working end; instruments intended to apply torque usually include a threaded working end (either male or female), a rotating shaft, and a concentric, T-shaped, or otherwise configured handle appropriate to apply manual torque. Bone nail and pin driver/extractors are used mainly in orthopedic procedures (e.g., femur, hip prostheses implantation); dedicated instruments are available for specific nails and pins used in specialized prostheses (e.g., medullary nails).
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