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Physiologic monitors designed for the measurement and display of the partial pressure of both oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the respiratory circuit and are hard-wired at the bedside. These monitors measure gas concentration either by using a sensor in the patient\'s breathing circuit (mainstream) or by sampling from the patient\'s airway (sidestream). The monitors typically consist of a main unit which includes electronic circuits that can process the signals from attached sensors for CO2 and O2 pressure detection, a display that shows the gas concentrations, and programmable alarms. Some monitors can also display the CO2 waveform and the concentrations of oxygen (O2) and/or nitrous oxide (NO2). Carbon dioxide/oxygen respiration monitors are used to monitor patients, detect ventilator failure, and to assess the pulmonary function or the adequacy of perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; they may also be intended for intraoperative use in patients under anesthesia.
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