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  • Implantable ossicular prostheses designed to replace one or both of the middle and innermost middle ear ossicles (i.e., incus and stapes, respectively). These prostheses are typically made of bioactive materials such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, silastic, stainless steel, titanium, or high-density polyethylene sponge (HDPS); some materials require placement of cartilage between the prosthesis and the tympanic membrane to prevent extrusion. Sculpted autografts and allografts are less frequently used as ossicular prostheses. Incus and/or stapes prostheses are used mainly to reestablish the middle ear sound-conducting mechanism; they are also used to repair congenital abnormalities in the ossicles, improving a patient\'s hearing capabilities.
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