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Pumps designed to deliver a temperature-controlled flow of heated or cooled liquid through hoses into pads that have appropriate channels for liquid circulation. These pumps usually include a reservoir for the liquid; a heater mounted in the reservoir that warms the liquid; a pump that circulates the liquid in the pad; and temperature controls and alarms. Some pumps include a thermoelectric cooler. Circulating-liquid pumps are used for long-term localized mild heating (i.e., warming at no more than 43 degrees C) or cooling of patient\'s skin.
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