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Ophthalmic measuring instruments designed to determine the refractive index of the eye, usually measured in diopters. These instruments are manual, consisting of a mechanism and a set of lenses with different refractive characteristics used in combination with an external chart; and automated, electronically powered refractors that use a set of lenses, an electronically controlled mechanism, and a digital display intended for measurement with minimal operator intervention. Automated refractors are frequently combined with keratometers in a single measuring device.
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