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  • Instruments designed to measure the volume and flow rate of air inhaled and/or exhaled from the lungs and additional variables needed for pulmonary function assessment. These instruments are typically a mechanical or electromechanical device with volume and/or flow sensors and a gauge or display; they may also include a computerized unit to process the data and a graphical recorder. Simple, usually handheld instruments that are capable only of measuring the maximum volume of gas that can be expired from the lungs (i.e., expiratory vital capacity [EVC]) used for pulmonary capacity screening and diagnostic spirometers (i.e., both tabletop and handheld instruments) that can perform all measurements needed for a complete pulmonary function assessment are available. Spirometers are intended for the evaluation of pulmonary status and the diagnosis of patients with pulmonary diseases (e.g., emphysema, asthma). Respiration exercisers intended to increase and measure the respiratory capacity of the lungs using spirometry techniques (also known as incentive spirometers) are also available.
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