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Water purification systems designed to remove charged particles (i.e., eliminate both cations and anions such as salts and metal ions) using deionization procedures. These systems consist of one or more containers (known as resin beds) that contain appropriate resins beads (both cationic and anionic) for the deionization procedure. There are systems using a mixed-bed, containing both cationic and anionic resins in a single vessel, and dual-bed systems, where each resin type is in a separate vessel. For most medical uses, including hemodialysis, mixed-bed systems should be used. Deionizers are frequently used after a reverse osmosis when ionic contamination is such that reverse osmosis (RO) alone cannot produce water of acceptable quality. Dedicated deionization systems used in hemodialysis procedures, both stand-alone and portable, are also available.
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