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  • Water purification systems designed to remove salts, bacteria, metal ions, and particulates using reverse osmosis (RO). These systems typically consist of a container with a central semi-permeable membrane separating the contaminated water from the purified water. Hydrostatic pressure high enough to exceed the osmotic pressure is then applied to the contaminated water section. The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to the solutes providing purified water on the other side of the membrane. The contaminated water is discarded when the osmotic pressure increases to the point that it is not possible to continue the process. Reverse osmosis systems may be used after filtration of the incoming water is performed, especially if the water is highly contaminated with particulates. Deionization, ultrafiltration, and/or disinfection with ultraviolet radiation may be needed after reverse osmosis if the presence of contaminants is high due to the fact that RO removes percentages (e.g., 95 to 99 percent) rather than fixed quantities of contaminants. Dedicated RO systems intended for use in hemodialysis procedures are also available.
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