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  • Solid-state lasers, powered by a rod of yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) crystal doped with holmium (Ho), a rare-earth element, as the active medium, designed for use in surgical procedures. These lasers typically emit energy at a wavelength of 2,100 nm (mid-infrared); they may be operated in continuous-wave, pulsed, and Q-switched modes. The laser energy can be delivered through a flexible optical glass fiber, and the laser can be operated in an aqueous environment. Ho:YAG surgical lasers are used mainly to vaporize or ablate soft tissue with moderate hemostasis, little charring, and thin zone of necrosis; they are frequently used in laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures.
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