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  • Stereotactic computer-aided surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive intracranial (e.g., neurosurgical) procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and a rigid frame (e.g., a headframe) attached to the patient body for guidance. The systems provide three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of instruments relative to the patient\'s anatomy and/or to the frame position during surgery without the use of an endoscope. Frame-guided intracranial stereotactic systems typically provide medical images that show the location of the instruments relative to pre-operative images obtained from one or more imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intracranial frame-guided stereotactic systems are used in a variety of surgical procedures, including craniotomies, resection of tumors and other lesions, removal of foreign objects, transnasal procedures, shunt placement, craniofacial procedures, skull and orbital cavity reconstruction. They may also be used for biopsies, puncture of abscesses, and deep brain stimulation.
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