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Floor centrifuges which operate usually at speeds of 30,000 to 120,000 rpm and relative centrifugal forces of 50,000 to over 800,000 gravities. Ultracentrifuges must be refrigerated because air friction created at ultrahigh speed generates heat that could decompose the components being centrifuged. These devices are used for lipoprotein separation, isolation of viruses, enzymes, and blood fractions for analysis and also make possible the fractionation of DNA and RNA and other studies of structures and functions within the cell.
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