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Peripheral-nerve electrical stimulators that apply periodic stimuli to the vagus nerve with appropriate characteristics (e.g., intensity, frequency, pulse shape) to treat seizures. These stimulators consist of a pulse generator typically implanted in the anterior chest wall and lead wires that run subcutaneously to electrodes implanted around the left vagus nerve. Vagus-nerve stimulators can be programmed externally following implantation (e.g., using a programming wand, dedicated software, and a standard personal computer). These stimulators are used in the treatment of epilepsy to eliminate seizures or to reduce seizure frequency and/or intensity.
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