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  • Cardiac catheters designed to drain the cerebrospinal fluid into the atrium of the heart; they are usually placed using subclavian or internal jugular catheterization. A radiographic controlled method using a guide wire inserted via the femoral vein has been also used. Hydrocephalic cardiac catheters typically deliver the cerebrospinal fluid from a valve and/or reservoir connected to a proximal catheter, which in turn drains the fluid from a ventricle of the brain; these devices as a whole are known as ventriculoatrial shunts. Hydrocephalic cardiac catheters are used as distal catheters in the treatment of obstructions of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the skull (hydrocephalus).
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