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  • Telemanipulation systems designed to perform surgery without physical contact of the surgeon with the operating instruments (i.e., remote surgery), either in a contiguous operating room or at a distant place. These systems typically consist of a surgeon\'s workstation, including a high-resolution stereoscopic video display, instruments similar to those in the operating field, and an electronic control module; a remote patient unit including robotic arms that manipulate the instruments that actually perform the surgery; and links (e.g., coaxial cable) that connect the patient unit to the workstation. These systems are intended to allow surgeons to remotely treat injured patients during emergencies (e.g., cholecystectomies, hemorrhage control, gastrostomies) for auxiliary tasks during surgical procedures such as holding devices (e.g., a laparoscopic camera) steadier than an assistant can; to perform precise microsurgery, scaling down surgeon hand movements and filtering out the hand tremor; and/or for other general and minimally invasive surgical procedures.
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