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  • Oximeters that measure the mixed venous blood-oxygen saturation (SvO2) using a catheter that includes optical fibers. These oximeters include LED light sources, which generate light of different wavelengths and are transmitted through a fiberoptic channel to the tip of the catheter, where they are absorbed, refracted, and reflected by the red blood cells. The blood reflectance changes, which depend on hemoglobin forms, are processed and displayed as SvO2 values. These oximeters are used in diagnostic cardiac catheterization, cardiac surgery, and sometimes to evaluate SvO2 in newborns through an umbilical artery. Some instruments may be coupled with dedicated pulmonary arterial catheters to perform the continuous display of both SvO2) and hemodynamic measurements.
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