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  • Chemical agent environmental detectors designed for automated detection and identification of industrial chemicals (known as toxic industrial materials, or TIM) that produce highly toxic effects, such as nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid (HCl). The effects of these agents may be produced while in vapor (if inhaled) or in liquid state (if absorbed transcutaneously). Some devices can also detect agents that produce choking effects when inhaled, such as phosgene and chlorine. These detectors may use one or several different technologies, including electrochemistry and spectroscopy. The sample is typically taken from the atmosphere (gases and aerosols), but liquid and/or particle samples are sometimes used. Most detectors warn of a hazardous condition when predetermined values of the chemical agent have been reached or exceeded. These detectors are available mainly as portable or handheld units and less frequently as stand-alone or mobile devices. They are used by healthcare workers, rescuers, firefighters, and military personnel in accidentally and/or intentionally contaminated or potentially contaminated areas.
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