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Image-guided computer-aided stereotactic surgical systems designed to aid in the performance of minimally invasive otorhinolaryngology procedures by combining medical imaging, dedicated computer software, and surgical instrument tracking systems for guidance. The systems provide surgeons with real-time, three-dimensional (3-D) positioning and orientation of surgical instruments (e.g., trephines, drills) relative to the patient\'s anatomy on a video display during surgery without the use of an endoscope. These surgical systems typically use electromagnetic techniques or optical devices (e.g., LEDs) for three-dimensional real-time tracking of the anatomic structures and positioning of instruments, based either on anatomic landmarks and/or and pre-established fiducials. One or more imaging modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), may also be used in the procedure. Otolaryngology image-guided surgical systems are used in several procedures, including skull base procedures, nasal sinus surgery, and other intranasal and middle ear procedures.
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