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  • Cardiographs designed for recording the variations of the thoracic electrical impedance caused by the activity of the heart muscle and its effect on the blood flow in the aorta, usually detected at the body surface. These instruments consist of a main unit that includes a high-frequency (e.g., 100 kHz) RF generator, a recorder, and typically a set of four detachable leads with electrodes attached at the distal tips. Two electrodes are placed on the neck and other two on the thoracic surface; one electrode of each pair delivers a low-intensity current of constant amplitude from the generator through the body. The other two electrodes sense the voltage variations that are proportional to the thoracic impedance variations, mainly due to the blood flow in the aorta. The values of the variations of the impedance and the graphic representation of the impedance and its first derivative versus time (i.e., impedance cardiograms) are used for calculation of hemodynamic parameters, such as cardiac output and stroke volume.
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