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Carbon dioxide pulsed lasers designed to deliver their energy using an articulated arm and a handpiece through the myocardium, producing temporary myocardial channels. They usually include a helium neon aiming laser. These lasers may induce real mechanisms of revascularization (e.g., temporary perfusion through the laser channels, myocardial angiogenesis), other mechanisms (e.g., myocardial denervation, myocardial fibrosis), and/or placebo effects. These systems are available with handpieces for open or minimally invasive surgery. Transmyocardial revascularization lasers are intended for palliative treatment of stable angina; they may also improve blood perfusion to the myocardium.
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