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Voltmeters designed for measuring surface potentials (i.e., voltage) due to electric charge unbalance on a dielectric or conducting surface. These instruments typically determine the presence, magnitude, and polarity of electrostatic voltage. Typical electrostatic voltmeters consist of an electronic unit including amplifiers, an oscillator, a power supply, and a display; and an attached non-contact sensing probe (e.g., using a Kelvin vibrating capacitive sensor). There are several types of electrostatic voltmeters such as DC- and AC-feedback instruments. Electrostatic voltmeters are usually either attached or brought near to potentially charged surfaces.
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