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  • Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare but potentially fatal disorder characterized by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, altered consciousness, and autonomic dysfunction as a complication of treatment with neuroleptic drugs. Symptoms similar to NMS have been reported in non-schizophrenic patients treated with dopamine-depleting drugs (such as reserpine), following withdrawal of indirect dopamine receptor agonists in patients with Parkinson\'s disease, and in association with intoxication from anticholinergic agents, amphetamines, lithium carbonate, cocaine, and phencyclidine.Diagnosis is usually based on the development of severe muscle rigidity and elevated temperature in patients treated with neuroleptic drugs that is accompanied by some combination of autonomic dysfunction (diaphoresis, incontinence, tachycardia, elevated or labile blood pressure), dysphagia, tremor, myoclonus, changes in consciousness ranging from confusion to coma, mutism, leucocytosis, and laboratory evidence of muscle injury such as elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) There does not appear to be any major differences in the clinical presentation reported with the traditional neuroleptics and the newer atypical antipsychotic agents.
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