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  • Vascular catheters designed to cool and/or rewarm a patient by circulating a liquid (e.g., saline) in a closed loop internally through the catheter. These catheters control the patient\'s core temperature (typically from 32 to 37 degrees Celsius [90 to 99 degrees Fahrenheit]) by heat exchange between the blood and the saline through the wall of a balloon without perfusion of fluids into the body or drawing blood. These catheters are usually inserted percutaneously through the femoral vein up to the inferior vena cava. They usually include a balloon or other flexible heat-exchange element and temperature sensors to provide feedback appropriate to adjust the temperature of the cooling or warming solution that is circulated from an external console. Dedicated catheters are available for short-term (e.g., a few hours) or longer-term (e.g., a week) patient temperature control; some catheters include several lumens and can also be used as standard central venous catheters. Cooling/warming vascular catheters are intended to induce hypothermia, maintain normothermia, and rewarm patients; they are used during surgery and recovery to preserve cerebral function in patients with brain injuries, after cardiac arrest, in the care of patients with septicemia, and in other intensive care procedures.
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